贺新郎·纤夫词
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清代]：陈维崧
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叹闾左、骚然鸡狗。里正前团催后保，尽累累、锁系空仓后。捽头去，敢摇手？
稻花恰趁霜天秀。有丁男、临歧诀绝，草间病妇。此去三江牵百丈，雪浪排樯夜吼。背耐得、土牛鞭否？好倚后园枫树下，向丛祠亟倩巫浇酒。神佑我，归田亩。
贺新郎·纤夫词译文及注释
译文
战船排列在大江岸旁，这正是朝廷授印诸王，龙形花纹铸在印把子上。他们要征发十万船夫，各州府急得尺驰雨骤一样。可叹里巷左边鸡飞狗耽塘。里正从前团催到后保，拴成串的壮丁都被锁进空粮仓。批住头发就捉去，谁敢摇手表示反抗。
稻子刚好在秋天把花扬，有位壮丁和生病的妻子诀别在公路口的草地上。妻子说：“这一去江河很多，你要拉纤绳百丈长江上浪涛堆白雪，成排的旄杆上夜风吼响。你能受得住土牛鞭打在脊背上？”壮丁说：“快到野祠请巫师，在后因的权树下洒酒祭神求神，保佑我回家耕田种根。”
注释
贺新郎：词牌名。原名《贺新凉》，又名《金缕曲》《乳燕飞》《貂裘换酒》等。双调一百一十六字，上下片各十句六仄韵。
纤夫：挽舟的船工。
江口：长江口岸。
天：天子。
真王拜印：这里指清圣祖遭郡王亲王等讨吴三桂事。
蛟螭蟠钮：谓亲王帅印的印钮雕刻作蟠龙形状。钮，印鼻。
棹：船桨。
风驰雨骤：谓征发令一下，各地拉壮丁服役，雷厉风行。
闾（lǘ）左：秦代居里门左侧的贫民。
骚然鸡狗：鸡狗不宁，骚，动乱不安，
里正：里长，唐制，百家为里，设里正一人。
前团催后保：层层逼迫之意。团：军队编制单位名。隋制，一团有二十队，团有偏将一人。保：旧时户籍编制单位。十家为一保。
累累（léi）：一连串地。
锁系空仓后：把抓来的壮丁锁缚在空仓后面。
捽（zuó）：揪住。
敢：不敢。
摇手：表示抗争
秀：吐穗开花。
丁男：成年男子。
歧：岔路口。
诀绝：诀别。
三江：此指湖南岳阳之三江，为当时吴三桂军与清军争持之地。
百丈，用以牵船的篾缆。
樯（qiáng）：船上桅杆。
夜吼：夜晚的风在怒吼之意。
土牛：即春牛，古时泥塑之以迎春。
丛祠：破庙。
亟（jí）倩：急请。
巫：古代妆神作舞以降神灵的巫婆。
参考资料：
1、郁贤皓主编；江庆柏卷主编．中国古代文学作品选 第6卷：清、近代部分．北京：高等教育出版社，2003.06：60-61
2、汪泰陵/选注．清词选注：贵州人民出版社，1992.10：191-192
贺新郎·纤夫词创作背景
词作于清顺治十六年（1659年）。是年五月，南明大将郑成功与张煌言合兵北伐，攻至江宁（今南京）城下，清廷急筹江防，从长江下游地区抓了大批民夫来给运兵粮的木船拉纤。此词出于避忌，词人不得不隐约其辞，以“真王”拟诸亲王，以“天边”拟指京城。
参考资料：
1、贺新辉主编．清词鉴赏辞典 图文修订版：北京燕山出版社，2006.09：236
贺新郎·纤夫词鉴赏
战舰排江口。正天边、真王拜印，蛟螭蟠钮。征发棹船郎十万，列郡风驰雨骤。
词的上片概括强虏民夫拉纤的实况，下片抒写丁男病妇忍痛离别的情景，凄怆感人。全词一气贯注，笔力浑厚，开头“战舰排江口”三句，开门见山地点出了战争的紧张气氛，笼罩了全篇，这里所使用的是分镜头写法：一面写千万艘战舰排列在滔滔的江边渡口，另一面写远在天边的统治者正在派遣亲王出征的非凡场面。“真王拜印”是借用《史记》中韩信的典故。统治阶级对拜官授印，率兵出征当然是非常隆重的，但这种征服战争将给人民带来什么后果，词篇由此生发，逐层铺叙。作者没有从正面描写战争，而是把笔锋紧扣主题，直写强拉船夫，“征发”二句，写朝廷命令各地郡县火速征集十万民夫，一场奴役人民的灾难，犹如急风骤雨洒向苦难的人间，弄得广大乡村鸡犬不宁，这里的“骚然鸡狗”前面还有“闾左”一词，可谓笔力重而用意深。在秦代以富强为右，贫弱为左，此处暗用了陈胜农民起义的故事。词中“叹闾左”三字，既点出了受压迫、被奴役的都是贫苦人民，又暗示出当时统治阶级的专横暴虐。“里正”句以下，紧接着写面目狰狞的地方官吏呵叱着逼迫大批劳苦农民拉纤，并把他们当作囚犯那样锁在空谷仓里。作者曾目睹官吏催逼租税的凶狠情景，在那种高压统治的环境下，被捉民夫连摇手也不敢，这不是夸张，而是悲惨现实生活的真实写照。
下片“稻花”一句，承上接下而转入另一种境界，点明了时令季节：深秋霜天，田间稻花飘香。从上面强拉民夫的紧张、悲痛的气氛中，突然出现一幅乡村秋熟的自然景象，似乎用了闲笔，其实作者巧妙的笔法在于；意在言外。词人通过稻花霜天的物景透露出这样的意念，恰巧在这繁忙的秋收季节将来临的时刻，统治者不顾农事，强拉民夫这样不仅笔调清新而意脉不断，而且包含了作者对征服战争的愤慨和遭难者的同情。接着“有丁男”二句，既与上片相照应，又展现了丁男病妇在岔路旁草丛间诀别的凄惨情景“此去”三句承上铺叙“土牛”任意鞭打春牛，它都没有什么感觉，可是活人的背却经不住皮鞭的抽打。凄惨的声音，如泣如诉，这是对统治阶级奴役人民罪恶的血泪控诉，“好倚后园”四句，写丁男无力反抗，呼救无门的情况下，只能含着眼泪叮嘱病弱的妻子。词以“神佑我，归田亩”作结，使人感到更加真切、沉痛。
这首词的艺术特色是通篇运用直叙其事的白描手法，绘声绘色地勾勒出一幅封建统治阶级到处掳掠民夫、奴役人民的悲惨生活画面，同时表达了诗人对灾难深重的贫苦农民的同情，因而诗篇具有深刻的社会现实意义，从这首具有高度思想性和艺术风格沉雄的词中，可以窥见陈维崧反映现实的词篇中所放射出独有的艺术光彩。
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李贺《
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黄家洞》
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杜甫《
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垂老别》
陈维崧简介
唐代·陈维崧的简介
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陈维崧(1625～1682)清代词人、骈文作家。字其年，号迦陵。宜兴（今属江苏）人。清初诸生，康熙十八年(1679)举博学鸿词，授翰林院检讨。54岁时参与修纂《明史》，4年后卒于任所。
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翠重重。石上胭脂堕雨红。
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和刘同人燕中即事诗六首 其一 卖衣
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明代：
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凌义渠
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岂有裘和葛，冬春共一囊。新裁拣入市，败枲任堆床。
已自甘由缊，谁堪裛蹠香。我私忍便弃，慈母泽难忘。
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饯高唐州询
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唐代：
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沈佺期
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弱冠相知早，中年不见多。生涯在王事，客鬓各蹉跎。
良守初分岳，嘉声即润河。还从汉阙下，倾耳听中和。