初冬夜饮
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唐代]：杜牧
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淮阳多病偶求欢，客袖侵霜与烛盘。
砌下梨花一堆雪，明年谁此凭阑干。
初冬夜饮译文及注释
译文
我像淮阳太守汲黯经常卧病，偶而喝杯酒解忧愁，客居异乡衣袖上结满清霜，只有与灯烛作伴。
台阶下的积雪像是堆簇着的洁白的梨花，明年又有谁在此凭依栏杆？
注释
淮阳多病：用汉代汲黯自喻。《汉书·汲黯传》：汲黯因屡谏而出为东海太守，“多病，卧阁内不出”。后徙为淮阳太守，“黯付谢不受印绶，诏数强予，然后奉诏。召上殿，黯泣曰：‘……臣常有狗马之心，今病，力不能任郡事。’”求欢：指饮酒。
霜：在这里含风霜、风尘之意。与：对，向。
砌：台阶。
谁此：谁人在此。阑干：即栏杆。
参考资料：
1、张国举．唐诗精华注译评．长春：长春出版社，2010：675-676
2、杨佐义．全唐诗精选译注（下）．长春：长春出版社，2000：409
初冬夜饮创作背景
杜牧因刚直敢言，屡次进谏，多次被流放。唐武宗会昌二年（842），他四十岁时，受当时宰相李德裕的排挤，被外放为黄州刺史，其后又转池州、睦州等地。此诗可能作于睦州。
参考资料：
1、肖剑．唐诗鉴赏大典．北京：长征出版社，1999 ：1583
初冬夜饮鉴赏
“淮阳多病偶求欢”，在这句诗中诗人以汲黯自比，正是暗示自己由于耿介直言而被排斥出京的。“偶求欢”的“欢”，指代酒，暗点诗题“饮”字，表明诗人愁思郁积，难以排遣，今夜只好借酒浇愁，以求片刻慰藉。这一句语意沉痛而措辞委婉。第二句“客袖侵霜与烛盘”，进一步抒写作客他乡的失意情怀。天寒岁暮，秉烛独饮，形影自伤，愤悱无告，更觉寂寞悲凉。“霜”，不仅与“初冬”暗合，更暗示作者心境的孤寒。“客袖”已见乡思之切，“侵霜”更增迁徙之苦，只此四字，总括了多年来的游宦生涯所饱含的辛酸。“烛盘”，则关合题面中的“夜饮”，真是语不虚设。寥寥七字，勾勒出一个在烛光下自斟自饮、幽独苦闷的诗人形象。
上两句写室内饮酒，第三句忽然插入写景：“砌下梨花一堆雪”，是独具匠心的。看来诗人独斟独饮，并不能释忧解愁。于是他罢酒辍饮，凭栏而立，但见朔风阵阵，暮雪纷纷，那阶下积雪象是堆簇着的洁白的梨花。此处看似纯写景色，实则情因景生，寓情于景，包孕极为丰富。诗人烛下独饮，本已孤凄不堪，现在茫茫夜雪更加深了他身世茫茫之感，他不禁想到明年此时又不知将身在何处。“明年谁此凭栏杆？”这一反问，凝聚着诗人流转无定的困苦、思念故园的情思、仕途不遇的愤慨、壮志难酬的隐痛，是很能令人深思。
此诗首句用典，点明独酌的原因，透露出情思的抑郁，有笼盖全篇的作用。次句承上实写夜饮，在叙事中进一步烘托忧伤凄惋的情怀。第三句一笔宕开，用写景衬托一下，不仅使全诗顿生波澜，也使第四句的感叹更其沉重有力。妙在最后又以问语出之，与前面三个陈述句相映照，更觉音情顿挫，唱叹有致，使结尾有如“撞钟”，清音不绝。明胡震亨说：“牧之诗含思悲凄，流情感慨，抑扬顿挫之节，尤其所长。”玩味此诗，庶几如此。
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陈草庵《
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毛泽东《
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沁园春·长沙》
杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧（公元803－约852年），字牧之，号樊川居士，汉族，京兆万年（今陕西西安）人，唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”，以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅，故后世称“杜樊川”，著有《樊川文集》。
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