沈下贤
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唐代]：杜牧
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斯人清唱何人和，草径苔芜不可寻。
一夕小敷山下梦，水如环佩月如襟。
沈下贤译文及注释
译文
沈下贤所唱的诗，谁能够和得上？他旧居已是杂草满路青苔遍地形迹难寻了。
我在他家乡小敷山下一夜的梦境里，听到溪水如佩环琤琮，看到月光如同他襟怀高洁。
注释
沈下贤：沈亚之（781～832），字下贤，吴兴（今浙江吴兴县）人。元和间进士，官至殿中侍御史，后贬为南康尉。是著名文学家，工诗善文，尤长于传奇小说。
斯人：这人，指沈下贤。清唱：指作诗。和：指和诗。
草径：杂草丛生的小路。苔芜：青苔遍地。不可寻：找不到，指沈下贤旧居遗迹。
小敷山：又叫福山，在湖州乌程县西南二十里，是沈下贤旧居所在地。
水如环佩：形容小敷山下河水之声如同妇女所饰环佩一样琤琮作响。月如襟：指月光清明如同沈下贤的襟怀一样高洁。
参考资料：
1、杨佐义．全唐诗精选译注 下：长春出版社，2000年：411页
2、刘学锴．唐诗名篇鉴赏：黄山书社，2008：223-224页
3、杨春俏，吉新宏．中晚唐抒情诗选：南海出版公司，2005年：172页
沈下贤创作背景
唐宣宗大中四年（850年），作者杜牧任湖州刺史，在经过沈下贤曾居住过的小敷山时有感而作此诗。沈亚之善作传奇小说。他写的传奇，幽缈顽艳，富于神话色彩和诗的意境，在当时别具一格。李贺、杜牧、李商隐对他都很推重。故诗人杜牧作此诗以表达他对沈下贤的仰慕。
参考资料：
1、刘学锴．唐诗名篇鉴赏：黄山书社，2008：223-224页
2、杨春俏，吉新宏．中晚唐抒情诗选：南海出版公司，2005年：172页
沈下贤鉴赏
首句“斯人清唱何人和”，以空灵夭矫之笔咏叹而起。句中用一“清”字，使此诗意境的清迥拔俗与文辞的清新秀朗一齐写出。全句亦赞亦叹，既盛赞沈下贤诗歌的格清调逸，举世无与比肩；又深慨其不为流俗所重，并世难觅同调。
沈下贤一生沉沦下僚，落拓不遇。其生平事迹，早就不为人知。当杜牧来到沈下贤家乡吴兴的时候，其旧日的遗迹已不复存留。“草径苔芜不可寻”，这位“吴兴才人”的旧居早已青苔遍地，杂草满径，淹没在一片荒凉之中了。生前既如此落寞，身后又如此凄清，这实在是才士最大的悲哀，也是社会对他们最大的冷落。“清唱”既无人和，遗迹又不可寻，诗人的凭吊悲慨之意，景仰同情之感，充分地表达出来。
三、四两句，就从“不可寻”进一步引发出“一夕小敷山下梦”来。旧居遗迹虽“草径苔芜不可寻”，但诗人的怀想追慕之情却悠悠不尽，难以抑止，于是便引出“梦寻”来：诗人的梦魂竟在一天晚上来到了小敷山下，在梦境中浮现的，只有鸣声琤琮的一脉清流和洁白澄明的一弯素月。这梦境清寥高洁，极富象征色彩。“水如环佩”，是从声音上设喻，柳宗元《小石潭记》：“隔篁竹闻水声，如鸣佩环。”月下闻水之清音，可以想见其清莹澄澈。“月如襟”，是从颜色上设喻，足见月色的清明皎洁。这清流与明月，似乎是这位前辈才人修洁的衣饰，宛见其清寥的身影；又象是他那清丽文采和清迥诗境的外化，宛闻其高唱的清音孤韵；更象是他那高洁襟怀品格的象征，宛见其孤高寂寞的诗魂。“襟”，古代指衣的交领，引申为襟怀。杜牧《题池州弄水亭》诗云：“光洁疑可揽，欲以襟怀贮。”光洁的水色可揽以贮怀，如水的月光自然也可作为高洁襟怀的象征。所以，这“月如襟”，既是形况月色皎洁如襟，又是象征襟怀皎洁如月。这样地回环设喻，彼此相映，融比兴、象征为一体，在艺术上是一种创造。李贺的《苏小小墓》诗，借“草如茵，松如盖，风为裳，水为佩”的想象，画出了一个美丽深情的芳魂，杜牧的这句诗，则画出了一个高洁的诗魂。如果说前者更多地注重形象的描绘，那么后者则更多地侧重于意境与神韵，对象不同，笔意也就有别。
这是交织着深情仰慕和深沉悲慨的追思凭吊之作。它表现了沈下贤的生前寂寞、身后凄清的境遇，也表现了他的诗格与人格。但通篇不涉及沈下贤的生平行事，也不作任何具体的评赞，而是借助于咏叹、想象、幻梦和比兴象征，构成空灵蕴藉的诗境，通过这种境界，想象出沈下贤的高标逸韵。全篇集中笔墨反复渲染一个“清”字：从“清唱何人和”的寂寞到“草径苔芜”的凄清，到“水如环佩月如襟”的清寥梦境，一意贯串，笔无旁鹜。把避实就虚和集中渲染结合起来，显得虚而传神。
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杜甫《
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潼关吏》
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吴文英《
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八声甘州·和梅津》
杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧（公元803－约852年），字牧之，号樊川居士，汉族，京兆万年（今陕西西安）人，唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”，以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅，故后世称“杜樊川”，著有《樊川文集》。
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