疾邪诗二首
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两汉]：赵壹
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河清不可恃，人寿不可延。
顺风激靡草，富贵者称贤。
文籍虽满腹，不如一囊钱。
伊优北堂上，肮脏倚门边。
势家多所宜，咳唾自成珠。
被褐怀金玉，兰蕙化为刍。
贤者虽独悟，所困在群愚。
且各守尔分，勿复空驰驱。
哀哉复哀哉，此是命矣夫！
疾邪诗二首译文及注释
译文
太平盛世不能等到了，人的生命是有限的，只好看风使舵，顺水推舟吧！谁有权势谁就是贤德之人，满肚子学问比不上一袋子钱更实用。卑躬屈膝就可以成为富贵人家，刚直的人只能依门而立。
豪门势家处处遂心满意，咳出的唾沫都能被当作珍珠。贫苦的人空怀美好的理想和才华，如同芬芳的花卉变成喂牛的干草。有才德的人即使一个人很清醒，也只能被那些愚蠢的人所困。暂且守你的本分吧！不要再白白地奔走，痛苦、悲哀，这就是命运。
注释
河清：语出《左传·襄公八年》：“俟河之清，人寿几何？”古人传说黄河一千年清一次，黄河一清，清明的政治局面就将出现。这两句是说人的寿命有限，无法等待乱世澄清之时。
激：指猛吹。靡：古同“糜”，糜烂。
文籍：文章典籍，泛指书籍，代指才学。
囊：口袋。
伊优：指逢迎谄媚之貌。北堂：指富贵者所居。
肮脏：高亢刚直貌。倚门边：指被疏离。
势家：有权势的人家。
咳唾自成珠：喻指有权势的人随便说一句什么话，都被视同珍宝。
被褐：指不慕荣利，安于贫贱的高人隐士。金玉：喻指美好的才德。
兰蕙：兰和蕙，皆香草，多连用以喻贤者。刍：喂牲畜的草。
独悟：独自明悟。
尔： 你，你的。分（fèn）：名位、职责、权利的限度。
驰驱：奔走，效力。
参考资料：
1、陈振鹏 章培恒．古文鉴赏辞典（上册）．上海：上海辞书出版社，1997：416-419
疾邪诗二首创作背景
这两首诗见于《刺世疾邪赋》，原载《后汉书·赵壹传》。赵壹为人耿直清高，狂傲不羁，遭到乡里豪贵的排抑，屡触罗网，幸为友人所救，方免遭一死。在这种社会背景下赵壹创作了《刺世疾邪赋》，包括两首《疾邪诗》。
参考资料：
1、巨 才．辞赋一百篇．太原：山西人民出版社，1994：51-52
疾邪诗二首鉴赏
这两首诗歌，揭露了东汉末年政治黑暗的种种方面，抨击当时正邪不分、黑白颠倒的丑恶现象。其内容涉及门阀威权，戚宦当政，谄媚成风，贿赂公行，卖官鬻爵，GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>用人惟亲，正人受害，学者遭压等等，表现了作者愤世疾邪的正直品格和不屈的战斗精神。在赋的末尾，作者假托鲁生和秦客两个人，各作诗歌一首，以深化主题。这两首诗歌既是赋的一部分，独立出来，又是两首讽刺力很强，完整的五言诗。诗歌精神与全赋是一致的，故应结合鉴赏。
诗中，作者已运用许多鲜明的比喻和强烈的对比，以锋利尖刻的语言对当时社会的腐败黑暗进行了揭露与讽刺，所以最后出现的两首诗具有总结归纳的意义，哲理性较强，有哲言式的凝练和概括力，读起来发人深省，令人沉思。
第一首起句“河清不可恃，人寿不可延”，相传黄河一千年才清一次，古人常用“河清海晏”来比喻政治清明。人的寿命再长也不可能等到黄河清。这就含蓄而愤慨地道出东汉末年的政治已经腐烂透顶，不可救药。无独有偶，东汉大科学家、文学家张衡在《归田赋》里也感叹过“俟河清而未期”。这也许是彼时进步文人对时政的普遍看法。诗人把它用在诗的开端，其义明而深。后面六句，用三组比喻性的形象描绘出当时社会上的不合理现象。“顺风激靡草，富贵者称贤”没骨气的小人顺风倒，不分是非，只要富贵的人就被捧为贤人。正因为如此，“文籍虽满腹，不如一囊钱。伊优北堂上，肮脏倚门边”的怪现象才得以滋生和存在。一肚子学问不如一口袋钱，谄媚小人端坐高堂而正直之士却立在门旁，多么鲜明而辛辣的对比！把那个时代造成的丑恶和不公正，形象地暴露在读者面前，激发起人们厌恶、不满的情绪。
第二首进一步抒发了作者愤世疾邪的思想感情。前四句用另外的说法和比喻，继续讽刺黑白颠倒的现实。“势家多所宜，咳唾自成珠”挖苦势利小人之无耻与豪门权贵之气焰，既谑且虐，一针见血，与第一首“顺风激靡草，富贵者称贤”异曲同工，更为尖酸辛辣。“被褐怀金玉，兰蕙化为刍”主要强调贫寒正直之士虽然地位低下，却有高尚的道德品质和高深的学问。但在那个压制人才的社会里，他们被埋没了，不能显示他们的才华。作者对黑暗的揭露，进一步感叹有志有识者的不能见用，反被压抑、排斥。作者为人耿介，恃才使气，受过豪门迫害，后虽逢名人推荐，受官府征召，然皆拒不出山。所以作者最后呼喊出“贤者虽独悟，所困在群愚。且各守尔分，勿复空驰驱。哀哉复哀哉，此是命矣夫！”这其中虽流露出“众人皆醉我独醒”的孤傲之感和一些消极悲观的情绪，但更多的是对当时社会黑暗被揭示以后的一种失望了的愤怒，引人沉思。
这两首诗用典较多，然而均生动灵活。如人寿河清是隐括，顺风靡草是反用，富贵称贤是引谚，咳唾成珠是变意，被褐、兰蕙是化用，“命矣夫”是反语。诗中将贤者与愚者、富贵者，刚直与谄佞者，知识与金钱，权势与真理等，分别作了鲜明对照，以感叹兴，以感叹结，其憎俗愤世、疾恶如仇之情不可遏抑，溢于辞表，贯于通篇。
赋之篇末原有以“乱曰”、“讯曰”的形式总括全篇者。赵壹代之以两首五言短诗，这种以诗结赋的写法，大为六朝人所摹拟。如鲍照《芜城赋》、江淹《恨赋》、萧绎《荡子秋思赋》、《采莲赋》等作品皆是。而如庾信《春赋》，则在赋中时或间杂五七言诗句，使赋体更趋诗化。由此可见，赵壹《刺世疾邪赋》在艺术形式上的突破和创新，对后世也多启导作用。
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苏轼《
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次韵舒尧文祈雪雾猪泉》
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杜甫《
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空囊》
赵壹简介
唐代·赵壹的简介
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赵壹（本名懿，因后汉书作于晋朝，避司马懿名讳，故作“壹”），约生于汉顺帝永建年间，卒于汉灵帝中平年间。东汉辞赋家。字元叔，汉阳西县（今甘肃天水南）人。体貌魁伟，美须眉，恃才傲物。桓、灵之世，屡屡得罪，几致于死。友人救之，遂作《穷鸟赋》答谢友人相助。并作《刺世疾邪赋》抒发愤懑之气。一生著赋、颂、箴、诔、书、论及杂文等16篇，今存5篇。
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题蒋亿极目楼
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宋代：
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洪迈
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楼下高低万井烟，楼头极目思悠然。
山围风景无余地，户接星河不尽天。
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湖上曲
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宋代：
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陈起
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秋千索外阑干侧，一曲凝云花影直。
玉瓶风暖醉忘归，春水不分杨柳色。