虞美人·杜鹃千里啼春晚
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清代]：王国维
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杜鹃千里啼春晚，故国春心折。海门空阔月皑皑，依旧素车白马夜潮来。
山川城郭都非故，恩怨须臾误。人间孤愤最难平，消得几回潮落又潮生。
虞美人·杜鹃千里啼春晚译文及注释
译文
杜鹃鸟啼到了暮春时节，故乡总勾起人伤春的情绪。钱塘江口空阔辽远，洁白的月光下，似乎伍子胥的素车白马又奔潮而来。
山川家国都不是原来的模样，人间的情义都被耽误。心中有情怀难以平复，怎么经得起几回潮起潮落。
注释
虞美人：词牌名，原为唐教坊曲，后用为词牌名。又名“一江春水”“玉壶水”“巫山十二峰”等。双调，五十六字，上下片各四句，皆为两仄韵转两平韵。
杜鹃：鸟名，又名杜宇、子规。
春晚：春暮。
故国：故乡。
春心：春景所引发的意兴。
海门：内河通海之处，此指钱塘江口。
皑（ái）皑：雪白貌。
素车白马：送丧的车马。此处指伍子胥。
夜潮：潮水每日两次，此指夜间之潮。
城郭非故：用丁令威成仙化鹤事，且极言城郭亦非当年。据《逍遥墟经》卷一记载，其为西汉时期辽东人，曾学道于灵墟山，成仙后化为仙鹤，飞回故里，站在一华表上高声唱：有鸟有鸟丁令威，去家千岁今来归，城郭如故人民非，何不学仙冢累累。以此来警喻世人。后世多用此典。
恩怨，恩与怨，常偏指怨恨。
须臾：片刻，短时间。
误：错误，引申为迷惑。
孤愤：耿直孤行，愤世嫉俗。
消得：此谓怎禁得起。
参考资料：
1、叶嘉莹，安易编著．王国维词新释辑评：中国书店，2006.1：第476-482页
2、王国维著．山有扶疏编,一生最爱人间词 为伊消得人憔悴 附 人间词话：天津教育出版社，2012.08：第102页
虞美人·杜鹃千里啼春晚创作背景
王国维22岁离开家乡，便奔走东西、辗转南北，很少回海宁。从1906年8月到1907年4月，在海宁为亡父“守制”总共八个月。他回到北京才三个月，便得到妻子病危的消息，又匆匆赶回来，十天以后，妻子就去世了。妻子去世后，他心中一片空虚，眼前却尽是妻子临终的情景，于是写下了这首词。
参考资料：
1、欧阳悟道编著．岁月民国 那些文人大师们：中国言实出版社，2015.01：第127-128页
虞美人·杜鹃千里啼春晚鉴赏
上片第一、二句为第一层。
首句画出了一幅凄美的“千里暮春图”，把读者带入了一片充满悲哀的广阔空间；第二句“故国春心断”的“春心”，是被春景所引发的一种美好的意愿。不过要注意“春心”这个词，古人常常把它和“伤”、“损”一类的词连用，更是充满了理想幻灭的悲伤与迷惘。这两句直白悲凉心境，其中流露着一种深深的眷恋之心和幻灭之感。
上片第三、四句为第二层。
此两句就写出了这样一幅开阔雄豪的画面。不过应该注意到：结合开头两句来看，这幅画面应该不是眼前所见，而是故乡夜潮景象在作者心中的留影。它在开阔中有苍凉，雄豪中有孤寂，奔放中有执著，而且还叠加了一个复仇幽灵的幻象，因此并不完全是现实的再现，而是心灵对现实景象的折射。那月下的海面和潮头的幽灵已经有一种悲壮之美，而“依旧”的百折不挠又有一种誓不屈服之意。这两句以一种开阔豪放之致使这首词从低回走向高昂，为开拓下片作引线。“皑”、“来”相叶，“月”与“夜潮”相应，有境界。
下片第一、二句为第三层。
这两句宜视为午夜心潮澎湃的内容，主观上对山川、人物的看法。所谓“山川城郭都非故”，只能是王氏感情激动的叹息；王氏认定，人世间人情陡变，有反清的思潮涌起。“故”、“误”相叶，使所抒之情进一步展开。
下片第三、四句为四层——结束语。
“人间孤愤最难平”，是全词抒情的顶点，其内涵指其他人倾向于革命，而作者却着意维护满清。作者从拥戴满清看问题，那是他所谓的“国是”。他愤恨时代潮流前进，因而他只能向隅而泣。末句视为疑问句，自有无穷感慨在内。钱塘江潮落又潮生，是永恒的，王氏为“国是”忧心如焚。“平”、“生”相叶，也正道王氏平生的心潮。
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司马迁《
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周亚夫军细柳》
王国维简介
唐代·王国维的简介
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王国维（1877年—1927年），字伯隅、静安，号观堂、永观，汉族，浙江海宁盐官镇人。清末秀才。我国近现代在文学、美学、史学、哲学、古文字学、考古学等各方面成就卓著的学术巨子，国学大师。
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