暮秋扬子江寄孟浩然
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唐代]：刘昚虚
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木叶纷纷下，东南日烟霜。林山相晚暮，天海空青苍。
暝色况复久，秋声亦何长。孤舟兼微月，独夜仍越乡。
寒笛对京口，故人在襄阳。咏思劳今夕，江汉遥相望。
暮秋扬子江寄孟浩然鉴赏
总体
这首诗是“以诗代书”诗人从京口（故城在今江苏镇江市）附近扬子江暮秋时节的肃杀景象缓缓写起，从迷茫的景色中引出独居越乡的客愁，进而怀想起远在湖北襄阳的友人孟浩然。全诗在结构上层层引进，步步深入，读来如友人晤谈，娓娓情深。
这是一首五言古诗。作者在对越中扬子江（即长江）暮秋的景色的描写中寄寓了滞留异乡的客愁和对故人孟浩然的深切思念。
第一部分
全诗大致可以分为两个部分。第一部分从开始的“木叶纷纷下”到“独夜仍越乡”，写秋江暮景和月夜客思。诗人在与京口遥遥相对的靠扬州那面的长江北岸，他独自一人，临江而望，看见经霜后的树叶纷纷落下。“木叶纷纷下，东南日烟霜”两句，是采用因果倒装的手法。东南地势低湿，暮秋时节雾多霜大，所以树木的叶子纷纷脱落。这里逆笔取势，有力地突出了“木叶纷纷下”这一具有特定含义的秋景，造成萧瑟气氛。“木叶纷纷下”是化用屈原《九歌·湘夫人》：“袅袅兮秋风，洞庭波兮木叶下。”作者在“木叶下”三字中嵌以“纷纷”二字，突出了落叶之多，这正切近初冬的“暮秋”节候，遣字生动、准确。开始两句看似信手拈来，实则颇具匠心。接着作者看到，“林山相晚暮，天海空青苍”。傍晚时分，长江两岸林山相依，暮色苍茫；而江天相接，一片青苍。两句中，“相”字使林山与暮色融合无间，显得暮色广阔无边；“空”字，又生动地描绘出了在余光映照中，江上的空明景像。两岸与江中，迷茫与空明，构成了一幅极其动人的秋江暮景图。
前四句都是客观写景，通过景语来暗示情绪，后四句，诗人则是把情、景交织在一起来表现，让感情逐渐显露出来。“暝色况复久，秋声亦何长！”作者临江眺望愈久，暮色愈加浓重，只听见江上凄紧的秋风和澎湃的水声，浩大而又苍凉。“暝色”与“秋声”，从视觉和听觉两个方面使人产生愁绪，而“况复久”、“亦何长”的反复感叹，更加强了这种愁绪的沉重，诗人的情感直接抒发出来。“孤舟兼微月，独夜仍越乡。”眺望了很久，才看见月亮从江边升起，水面漂荡着一叶孤舟，此时更激起了作客越乡的孤苦愁绪。“微月”，写出月光在江雾笼罩中，一片朦胧的景象，与孤舟相映，把羁旅之思表达得更为强烈；而下句中的“仍”字，说明作者驻留已久，独夜乡愁，难以忍耐。这四句情景交融，在前四句的基础上又深入一层，从中我们可以看出作者感情的逐步变化，为下文勾起无限的故人之思，作了充分的铺垫和酝酿。
第二部分
第二部分是最后四句，写对襄阳故人孟浩然的深切思念，它是前八句情、景的必然深化，也是全诗的题旨所在。这四句，作者不断变换角度和手法，将思友之情，写得淋漓尽致。“寒笛对京口，故人在襄阳。”诗人在月下吹起笛子，以抒发对故人思念的情怀，然而这笛声只有长江对岸的京口听得到，那关山万里、远在湖北襄阳的友人孟浩然是听不到的。这两句是从自己方面着笔，写对襄阳故人的思念。“寒笛”二字，不仅表示夜深天冷，也表明笛声凄咽，思念故人的愁绪已显。同时，作者以京口之近反衬襄阳之远，笛声难达，情思难传，思念之中，也流露出怅惘之情。最后两句，“咏思劳今夕，江汉遥相望”，又换了一个角度，从孟浩然对自己的思念着笔，表现江、汉两地的情思相牵。作者想象，孟浩然今晚也在思念自己，此刻也在赋诗以表达久别后的怀念之情，分处汉水（襄阳在汉水之侧）和长江两地的友人，彼此遥望。“咏思劳今夕”，表明了孟浩然的诗人身份，而以写诗来表达相思还透露出文人风雅，特别是一个“劳”字，更体现出孟浩然对自己的思念之切。通过写对方对自己的思念，而进一步表现出自己对对方的强烈感情，诗情婉曲而深厚。“遥相望”三字，还留下了悠远的余味，诗人仿佛在说，我们不知何时才能再见面啊！结句如袅袅余音，留下了无尽的情思。全诗从写景开始，到情、景交织，再到抒发怀人之情，层层深化而又联系自然，从容不迫而又变化多姿，充分体现了诗人的艺术技巧。
独创性
但是，它比短札还多了一层诗歌所特有的诗情美和声情美。诗为五古，在平仄安排上本可随便，但其中如“孤舟兼微月，独夜仍越乡”（平平平仄仄，仄仄仄仄平）、“寒笛对京口，故人在襄阳”（平仄仄平仄，仄平仄平平）等，却与律句较为接近，大致对仗，显得音调和谐。全诗一韵到底，读来自然流畅；前五韵为平声，而最后一韵却用仄声，平仄相间，流畅中也有变化。古诗句法本重散行，但从“林山相晚暮”到“故人在襄阳”八句，每两句在文字上都大致对偶，初看好像排律，作古诗而又给人以整饬和谨严感，体现了诗人的独创性。
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张耒《
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风流子·木叶亭皋下》
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黄庭坚《
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寄黄几复》
刘昚虚简介
唐代·刘昚虚的简介
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刘昚虚字全乙，亦字挺卿，号易轩。盛唐著名诗人。生于开元二年（公元714年）。20岁中进士，22岁参加吏部宏词科考试，得中，初授左春坊司经局校书郎，为皇太子校勘经史；旋转崇文馆校书郎，为皇亲国戚的子侄们校勘典籍，均为从九品的小吏。
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卧病经旬减带围，清樽忘却故人期。
莫嫌雪里闲毡帐，作事犹来未合时。
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沈阳村居西轩即事 其一
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多隆阿
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村边古木绿阴交，已老榆钱匝地抛。草醉浓烟鸠唤雨，泥黏落絮燕营巢。
懒过韨井嫌尘扰，静闭斋门待客敲。何处风筝游线断，翩翩落上杏花梢。