静夜思
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唐代]:李白
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静夜思译文及注释
直译
明亮的月光洒在床前的窗户纸上,好像地上泛起了一层霜。
我禁不住抬起头来,看那天窗外空中的一轮明月,不由得低头沉思,想起远方的家乡。
韵译
皎洁月光洒满床,恰似朦胧一片霜。
仰首只见月一轮,低头教人倍思乡。
注释
静夜思:静静的夜里,产生的思绪 。
床:今传五种说法。
一指井台。已经有学者撰文考证过。中国教育家协会理事程实将考证结果写成论文发表在刊物上,还和好友创作了《诗意图》。
二指井栏。从考古发现来看,中国最早的水井是木结构水井。古代井栏有数米高,成方框形围住井口,防止人跌入井内,这方框形既像四堵墙,又像古代的床。因此古代井栏又叫银床,说明井和床有关系,其关系的发生则是由于两者在形状上的相似和功能上的类同。古代井栏专门有一个字来指称,即“韩”字。《说文》释“韩”为“井垣也”,即井墙之意。
三“床”即“窗”的通假字。本诗中的‘床’字,是争论和异议的焦点。我们可以做一下基本推理。本诗的写作背景是在一个明月夜,很可能是月圆前后,作者由看到月光,再看到明月,又引起思乡之情。
既然作者抬头看到了明月,那么作者不可能身处室内,在室内随便一抬头,是看不到月亮的。因此我们断定,‘床’是室外的一件物什,至于具体是什么,很难考证。从意义上讲,‘床’可能与‘窗’通假,而且在窗户前面是可能看到月亮的。但是,参照宋代版本,‘举头望山月’,便可证实作者所言乃是室外的月亮。从时间上讲,宋代版本比明代版本在对作者原意的忠诚度上,更加可靠。
四取本义,即坐卧的器具,《诗经·小雅·斯干》有“载寐之牀”,《易·剥牀·王犊注》亦有“在下而安者也。”之说,讲得即是卧具。
五马未都等认为,床应解释为胡床。胡床,亦称“交床”、“交椅”、“绳床”。古时一种可以折叠的轻便坐具,马扎功能类似小板凳,但人所坐的面非木板,而是可卷折的布或类似物,两边腿可合起来。现代人常为古代文献中或诗词中的“胡床”或“床”所误。至迟在唐时,“床”仍然是“胡床”(即马扎,一种坐具)。
疑:好像。
举头:抬头。
参考资料:
1、孙宏亮.李白《静夜思》考证. 延安大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 1998,02
静夜思创作背景
李白《静夜思》一诗的写作时间是公元726年(唐玄宗开元之治十四年)旧历九月十五日左右。李白时年26岁,写作地点在当时扬州旅舍。其《秋夕旅怀》诗当为《静夜思》的续篇,亦同时同地所作。
参考资料:
1、孙宏亮.李白《静夜思》考证. 延安大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 1998,02
静夜思鉴赏
诗的前两句,是写诗人在作客他乡的特定环境中一刹那间所产生的错觉。一个独处他乡的人,白天奔波忙碌,倒还能冲淡离愁,然而一到夜深人静的时候,心头就难免泛起阵阵思念故乡的波澜。何况是在月明之夜,更何况是月色如霜的秋夜。“疑是地上霜”中的“疑”字,生动地表达了诗人睡梦初醒,迷离恍惚中将照射在床前的清冷月光误作铺在地面的浓霜。而“霜”字用得更妙,既形容了月光的皎洁,又表达了季节的寒冷,还烘托出诗人飘泊他乡的孤寂凄凉之情。
诗的后两句,则是通过动作神态的刻画,深化思乡之情。“望”字照应了前句的“疑”字,表明诗人已从迷朦转为清醒,他翘首凝望着月亮,不禁想起,此刻他的故乡也正处在这轮明月的照耀下。于是自然引出了“低头思故乡”的结句。“低头”这一动作描画出诗人完全处于沉思之中。而“思”字又给读者留下丰富的想象:那家乡的父老兄弟、亲朋好友,那家乡的一山一水、一草一木,那逝去的年华与往事……无不在思念之中。一个“思”字所包涵的内容实在太丰富了。
明人胡应麟说:“太白诸绝句,信口而成,所谓无意于工而无不工者。”(《诗薮·内编》卷六)王世懋认为:“(绝句)盛唐惟青莲(李白)、龙标(王昌龄)二家诣极。李更自然,故居王上。”(《艺圃撷馀》)怎样才算“自然”,才是“无意于工而无不工”呢?这首《静夜思》就是个样榜。所以胡氏特地把它提出来,说是“妙绝古今”。
这首小诗,既没有奇特新颖的想象,更没有精工华美的辞藻;它只是用叙述的语气,写远客思乡之情,然而它却意味深长,耐人寻味,千百年来,如此广泛地吸引着读者。
一个作客他乡的人,大概都会有这样的感觉吧:白天倒还罢了,到了夜深人静的时候,思乡的情绪,就难免一阵阵地在心头泛起波澜;何况是月明之夜,更何况是明月如霜的秋夜!
月白霜清,是清秋夜景;以霜色形容月光,也是古典诗歌中所经常看到的。例如梁简文帝萧纲《玄圃纳凉》诗中就有“夜月似秋霜”之句;而稍早于李白的唐代诗人张若虚在《春江花月夜》里,用“空里流霜不觉飞”来写空明澄澈的月光,给人以立体感,尤见构思之妙。可是这些都是作为一种修辞的手段而在诗中出现的。这诗的“疑是地上霜”,是叙述,而非摹形拟象的状物之辞,是诗人在特定环境中一刹那间所产生的错觉。为什么会有这样的错觉呢?不难想象,这两句所描写的是客中深夜不能成眠、短梦初回的情景。这时庭院是寂寥的,透过窗户的皎洁月光射到床前,带来了冷森森的秋宵寒意。诗人朦胧地乍一望去,在迷离恍惚的心情中,真好象是地上铺了一层白皑皑的浓霜;可是再定神一看,四周围的环境告诉他,这不是霜痕而是月色。月色不免吸引着他抬头一看,一轮娟娟素魄正挂在窗前,秋夜的太空是如此的明净!这时,他完全清醒了。
秋月是分外光明的,然而它又是清冷的。对孤身远客来说,最容易触动旅思秋怀,使人感到客况萧条,年华易逝。凝望着月亮,也最容易使人产生遐想,想到故乡的一切,想到家里的亲人。想着,想着,头渐渐地低了下去,完全浸入于沉思之中。
从“疑”到“举头”,从“举头”到“低头”,形象地揭示了诗人内心活动,鲜明地勾勒出一幅生动形象的月夜思乡图。
短短四句诗,写得清新朴素,明白如话。它的内容是单纯的,但同时却又是丰富的。它是容易理解的,却又是体味不尽的。诗人所没有说的比他已经说出来的要多得多。它的构思是细致而深曲的,但却又是脱口吟成、浑然无迹的。从这里,读者不难领会到李白绝句的“自然”、“无意于工而无不工”的妙境。
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白居易《
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草》
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杜甫《
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闻官军收河南河北》
李白简介
唐代·李白的简介
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李白(701年-762年),字太白,号青莲居士,唐朝浪漫主义诗人,被后人誉为“诗仙”。祖籍陇西成纪(待考),出生于西域碎叶城,4岁再随父迁至剑南道绵州。李白存世诗文千余篇,有《李太白集》传世。762年病逝,享年61岁。其墓在今安徽当涂,四川江油、湖北安陆有纪念馆。
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幽意值所适,冶游良未然。木末摇东风,溪水鸣溅溅。
人心抱幽默,相激各自贤。岂不愿安静,逼抑成沸煎。
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干楼晚眺 其一
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明代:
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李贽
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呼朋万里外,拍手层霄间。塞晚浮烟重,天空岁月闲。
断云迷古戍,落日照西山。幸有声歌在,更残且未还。
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早春游沔阳舟发汉上口占
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清代:
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张问陶
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客里重为客,饥来百事非。一舟如许大,三匝竟何依。
欲死悲囊粟,无才负布衣。春鸥吾愧汝,清远背人飞。
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晏坐信笔二首 其一
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:
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陈振家
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孤根悬绕托岩屏,寸土得生真福庭。未敢恃才轻命数,岂将俗理诘苍冥。
溪山久处有清气,人事多争损性灵。自落天涯无挂碍,吟魂欲共远峰青。