赏牡丹
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唐代]：王建
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此花名价别，开艳益皇都。
香遍苓菱死，红烧踯躅枯。
软光笼细脉，妖色暖鲜肤。
满蕊攒黄粉，含棱缕绛苏。
好和薰御服，堪画入宫图。
晚态愁新妇，残妆望病夫。
教人知个数，留客赏斯须。
一夜轻风起，千金买亦无。
赏牡丹译文及注释
译文
这花声价不同其他花草，绽放时刻溢满整个国都。
芳香处处苓蔆羞愧欲死，颜色火红踯躅失色枯萎。
柔和光华笼罩纤细肢体，妖艳色彩温暖娇嫩肌肤。
花朵中填满金粉般花蕊，翻卷花瓣如同大红流苏。
香味和顺可以熏染御服，姿态美丽应当画入宫图。
将谢如淡淡哀愁的新妇，凋零同望着病夫的女子。
请大家知道这花时短暂，客人再留下欣赏片刻吧。
一夜清风吹起花事结束，即使千金也难买回花开。
注释
赏牡丹：这是诗人居官长安时写的一首赏牡丹诗。全诗围绕一个“赏”字，写自己看牡丹时的审美感受。
名价别：（牡丹）声名、身价都有别于他花。名价犹声价。北齐颜之推《颜氏家训·勉学》：“有一俊士，自许史学，名价甚高。”按：唐人嗜牡丹，到王建生活的中唐时期此风尤盛。
皇都：国都，此处指唐上都长安。唐韩愈《早春呈张水部》诗：“最是一年春好处，绝胜花柳满皇都。”益：水溢出器皿，此引申为满。
香遍：香满。苓蓤（líng）：《全唐诗》作苓菱。唐人认为苓即荷花。唐人李善《文选注》云：“苓，古‘莲’字。”汉代枚乘《七发》云：“蔓草芳苓。”言其以芳香著称。菱一名芰，与荷花同是芳香花卉，有词牌《芰荷香》可证。此句谓牡丹花香四溢，使苓蔆相形见拙，羞愧欲死。
红烧：花色红艳如火。踯（zhí）躅（zhú）：指山踯躅，又名红踯躅，山石榴、映山红、杜鹃花。见《本草纲目》卷一七。白居易《山石榴寄元九》诗：“高枝濯濯辛夷紫，密叶深深踯躅红。”
软光：柔和的光泽。细脉：犹言气脉。此句写牡丹的韵致。 脉在古文中解释为似血管一样连贯成系统的东西。参考历代诗文，细脉多实指细水流，这里翻译为细水流或能做一说，但是结合全篇来看，这里应该诗正面描写牡丹的姿态，细脉指牡丹的枝干更合适一些。
妖色：艳丽姿色。白居易《牡丹芳》诗：“减却牡丹妖艳色。”暖：原缺，据席本、《全唐诗》补。鲜肤：鲜指新而华美。鲜肤指娇嫩美丽的肌肤。陆机 《日出东南隅行》：“鲜肤一何润，秀色若可餐。”
蕊：原作叶，据《全唐诗》作蕊。攒金粉：碎蕊细聚如金粉状。韩琮《咏牡丹未开者》诗：“嫩蕊包金粉，重葩结秀囊。”
含棱：翻卷的花瓣。缕绛苏：像一缕缕大红色流苏。
“好和”句：写牡丹的花香，可以熏染御衣。御服：帝王所用的衣服。《汉书·外戚传下·孝成许皇后》：“椒房仪法，御服舆驾，所发诸官署，及所造作，遗赐外家群臣妾。”《宋书·恩幸传序》：“侍中身奉奏事，又分掌御服。”
“堪画”句：写牡丹的丽质如美人，可以画成选入宫中的美女图。
晚态：写将谢的牡丹花的花态。愁新妇：像含有淡淡哀愁的新妇。
残妆：写已凋零的牡丹花的花台。望病夫：像鬓钗不整，形容憔悴望着有病丈夫的妻子。
知个数：个代指“这”或“那”，个数指道理，和起来就是其中道理的意思。这里谓知道花事何时将了，心中有数。
赏：席本作贵。斯须：片刻、一会儿。曹植《赠白马王彪》诗：“变故在斯须。”
参考资料：
1、王宗堂．王建诗集校注．河南郑州：中州古籍出版社，2006：282-283
赏牡丹创作背景
王建生活的中唐时期，京城长安盛行赏牡丹之风俗，“家家习为俗，人人迷不悟。”文人墨客也多以牡丹为诗料吟咏，此诗便是其中一篇。此诗约略作于宪宗元和七年（813年）归京之后，而细不可考。
参考资料：
1、王宗堂．王建诗集校注．河南郑州：中州古籍出版社，2006：282-283
赏牡丹鉴赏
中唐时期牡丹诗佳篇迭出，王建此篇不写牡丹一时之态，而是从牡丹之贵写到牡丹之美，再写牡丹凋零，用变化的角度去赏牡丹，道尽惜牡丹之情。
诗作开篇言牡丹之贵，“名价别”三字直接道出牡丹的尊贵凌驾于诸花之上。随后作者用一个益字，生动的描写了长安城内牡丹花开的盛况，诺大的长安城处处是牡丹盛开，那繁盛的景象就好似要溢出来一般。此“益”引申为“满”，如同韩昌黎“绝色烟柳满皇都”，两诗皆非单讲数量之多，而是从更深层的去讲，韩诗更多的是写春满长安，而王建此句是讲牡丹的气质风采风靡了长安。用笔夸张大胆，用字生动准确，令人深切感受到牡丹之盛。
后句用反衬的写法进一步说牡丹之美，苓蔆是传说中的香草，却被牡丹的花香比的羞愧欲死；山踯躅是颜色红艳的花，遇到牡丹的艳色却显得黯然失色几如枯萎。这样的描写下，即使没见过牡丹的人也能感受到牡丹超绝的鲜艳和芳香。紧接着，作者描写牡丹的气韵。枝干为柔光所笼，而花朵被妖艳的色彩晕染了娇嫩的肌肤。前句描写牡丹纤细的枝干姿态和气质，后句则以美女嫩肤为比喻写牡丹的花朵的质感，分别从不同角度生动描述牡丹花的娇美。随后，作者用大量比喻，描写牡丹花的细节。用金粉来比牡丹花的黄蕊，而满字也生动的写出牡丹花蕊之繁；用缕缕红流苏来比牡丹翻卷的花瓣，写出了牡丹花瓣色泽和形态。“好和”句，以衬托笔法写牡丹之贵。香气可以熏染御衣，姿态可以描画入宫图，都是用皇家所用来衬托牡丹气质的高贵。
随后作者突然笔锋一转，开始写牡丹的晚态和凋零，用哀愁的新妇，望着病夫的女子，分别写牡丹的将谢和凋零。用拟人的笔法，写出了牡丹的晚态，惹人怜惜。从写牡丹之盛到牡丹之贵再到牡丹之美转而写牡丹将谢，再写牡丹凋零，作者一步步引导大家从赞叹到喜爱再到怜惜。这时作者发出感慨，请大家珍惜花时，客人能多赏一会儿就多赏一会儿吧。这时的感慨已经是水到渠成，通过前面的描写，读者此时对牡丹的怜惜应也感同身受，仿佛作者是道出了我们心中之所想。
最末，作者用一夜清风起，千金买亦无，道出了花时难久的怅然。开篇之盛艳，末尾之冷清，强烈的对比让末尾仿佛一副大留白的画卷，意味深长，耐人寻味。清风吹过，花亦凋零，这其中是不舍，是怜惜，是冷清，种种情感由人品读。
借凋零写惜花非王建独有，白居易就有《惜牡丹花》开一时之风气：“惆怅阶前红牡丹，晚来唯有两枝残。明朝风起应吹尽，夜惜衰红把火看。”此后李商隐的效仿作《花下醉》：“客散酒醒深夜后，更持红烛赏残花。”苏轼亦作：“只恐夜深花睡去，故烧高烛照红妆。”而尽管王建的牡丹诗同样是写凋零写惜花，却是从花开写到花落，借对情感的把握的细致入微，用精心的铺垫将读者引入到那种怅然若失的情景当中。诗作描写过渡自然，惋惜怅然之情水到渠成。王建的牡丹诗从单纯的赏牡丹落笔，惜牡丹入情，不寄托政治抱负个人得失，就是写一个“赏”字，且赏出了独特的风格，乃唐代赏牡丹诗作中别具一格的作品。
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顾太清《
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金缕曲·咏白海棠》
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张鎡《
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念奴娇·宜雨亭咏千叶海棠》
王建简介
唐代·王建的简介
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王建(约767年—约830年)：字仲初，生于颍川(今河南许昌)，唐朝诗人。其著作，《新唐书·艺文志》、《郡斋读书志》、《直斋书录解题》等皆作10卷，《崇文总目》作2卷。
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怪石胆瓶窟，从天倒插花。九阳一样泽，生意为何差。
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题善山院
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宋代：
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许安仁
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瓦炉柏子袅残烟，午梦醒时一畅然。不悟功名负终老，荒山饥走又三年。
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粤台怀古四首分韵得幽字 其三
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明代：
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黄佐
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对酒烟霞晚，裁诗天地秋。坐闻松籁迥，行爱桂岩幽。
大泽龙蛇远，荒台鹿豕游。向来南海尉，辛苦事嬴刘。
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甲寅八月约大田胡同登钓台次旧韵 其二
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明代：
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张天赋
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扫却苍苔坐满矶，青山绿水送清奇。且同白酒盈樽饮，莫惹红尘两目迷。
笑舞婆娑歌洞口，酌归酩酊过湖西。夕阳牧笛声嘹亮，惊起寒鸦古木啼。
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补送老袁之京
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两汉：
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刘雄
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清秋好景正宜行，我向西湖君向京。莫问长安柴米价，如今最贱是书生。