洞仙歌·咏柳
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宋代]:苏轼
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江南腊尽,早梅花开后,分付新春与垂柳。细腰肢自有入格风流,仍更是、骨体清英雅秀。
永丰坊那畔,尽日无人,谁见金丝弄晴昼?断肠是飞絮时,绿叶成阴,无个事、一成消瘦。又莫是东风逐君来,便吹散眉间一点春皱。
洞仙歌·咏柳译文及注释
译文
江南年底,早梅花开后,分配新春和垂柳。细腰肢自己有格调风流,于是又是和身体清英很优秀。
永丰坊那畔,一整天没有人,谁看到金丝弄晴天白天?秋海棠花还是种子、未飘散的那时,绿叶成阴,没有一个故事、渐渐的消瘦了。又有谁是东风追逐你而来的呢,就吹散眉间皱纹一点春天。
注释
腊:古代在农历十二月合祭众神叫做腊,因此农历十二月叫腊月。
分付:付托,寄意。
格:格调
骨体:骨架躯体。
永乐坊:地名。在洛阳。
尽日:一整天
金丝:比喻柳树的垂条。
断肠:秋海棠花的别。飞絮:飘飞的像棉絮一般的柳树、芦苇等的种子。
一成:宋时口语,“渐渐”,指一段时间的推移。
参考资料:
1、唐圭璋 等.唐宋词鉴赏辞典(唐五代北宋卷):上海辞书出版社,1988:672-674
2、王水照 朱刚.苏轼诗词文选评:上海古籍出版社,2003:81
洞仙歌·咏柳创作背景
这首词写作年代不可确考,朱祖谋认为词意与《殢人娇》略同,把它编入宋神宗熙宁十年(1077年)。因为据《纪年录》,这年三月一日,苏轼在汴京与王诜会于四照亭,上王诜侍女倩奴求曲,遂作《洞仙歌》、《殢人娇》与之。《殢人娇》题“小王都尉席上赠侍人”,与《纪年录》所记相合。其词结句,“须信道、司空从来见惯”,对王诜似有规讽。据史载王诜为人“不修细行”,生活糜烂,则他对歌女侍妾,必然轻薄寡情,那么,王诜家中侍女受玩弄、遭冷落的悲苦遭遇也就可想而知了。《洞仙歌》倘真是写给倩奴的,其内容当会与倩奴有关。集中这首词题“咏柳”,可至这首词借柳以喻人。
参考资料:
1、唐圭璋 等.唐宋词鉴赏辞典(唐五代北宋卷):上海辞书出版社,1988:672-674
洞仙歌·咏柳鉴赏
这首词上片写柳的体态标格和风韵之美。起拍说腊尽梅凋,既点明节令,且借宾唤主,由冬梅引出春柳。以“新春”紧承“腊尽”,写腊月已尽,新春来临,早梅开过,杨柳萌发。柳丝弄碧,是春意繁闹的表征,故说“分付新春与垂柳”。“分付”,交付之意,着“分付”一词,仿佛春的活力、光彩、妖娆,均凝集于垂柳一身,从而突出了柳的形象,赞美了柳的体态。柳枝婀娜,别有一种风流,很似少女的细腰。杜甫《绝句漫兴》早有“隔户杨柳弱袅袅,恰如十五女儿腰”之句。作者正是抓住了这一特点,称颂她有合格入流的独特风韵,并进而用“清英秀雅”四字来品评其骨相。这就写出了垂柳的清高、英隽、雅洁、秀丽,见出她与浓艳富丽的浮花浪蕊迥然不同。作者把握住垂柳的姿质特色,从她的体态美,进而刻画了她的品格美。
下片转入对垂柳不幸遭遇的感叹。换头三句,写垂柳境况清寂、丽姿无主。长安永丰坊多柳,生永丰园一角的垂柳,尽管明媚春光中修饰姿容,分外妖娆,怎奈无人一顾。诗人白居易写过一首《杨柳枝词》,据唐人孟棨《本事诗》载:白居易有妾名小蛮,善舞,白氏比为杨柳,有“杨柳小蛮腰”之句。白居易年事高迈,小蛮还很年轻,“因为杨柳之词以托意,曰:‘一树春风万万枝,嫩于金色软于丝。永丰坊里东南角,尽日无人属阿谁?’”后宣宗听到此词极表赞赏,遂命人取永丰柳两枝,移植禁中。作者在这里化用乐天诗意,略无痕迹,但平易晓扬的语句中,却藏有探沉的含义。”断肠“四句,紧承上文,写垂柳的凄苦身世,说:一到晚春,绿叶虽繁,柳絮飘零,她更将百无聊赖,必然日益瘦削、玉肌消减了。煞拍三句,展望前景,愈感茫然。只有东风的吹拂,足可消愁释怨,使蛾眉般的弯弯柳叶,得以应时舒展。正如宋初诗人幸夤逊《柳》诗听说:“既待和风始展眉。”这微茫的希望的霞光在何处,“又莫是”便是严峻而无情的回答。
全章用拟人法写柳,垂柳是词中的“主人公”。它身段苗条。体态轻盈,仪容秀雅。然而却寂寞无主,被禁锢在园林的一角。感受不到春光的温暖,也看不到改变命运的希望。这婀娜多姿、落寞失意的垂柳,宛然是骨相清雅、姿丽命蹇的佳人。词中句句写垂柳,却句句是写佳人:这佳人或许是向苏轼索词的倩奴,或许是与倩奴命运相似的女性。至少可以说,作者是以婉曲的手法,饱和感情的笔墨,描写了一位品格清淑呵命运多舛的少女形象,对之倾注了同情。
宋代词论家彭孙说:“咏物词极不易下,要须字字刻画,字字天然。方为上乘。”(《金粟词话》)咏物含瘟深湛,在于寄托,“贵有不枯不脱之妙。”(《莲子居词话》)苏轼此词正具有这些优点。它句句刻画垂柳,清圆流杨,形神兼到,熨贴自然。并借柳喻人,把人的品格与身世融入对柳的形神描幕之中。物中有人,亦物亦人,既不粘滞于物,也不脱离听咏课题。就风格而论,此词缠绵幽怨,娴雅婉丽,曲尽垂柳风神,天然秀美处有似次韵章质夫的《杨花词》,而又别具一段倾城之姿。
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杨柳八首·其三》
苏轼简介
唐代·苏轼的简介
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苏轼(1037-1101),北宋文学家、书画家、美食家。字子瞻,号东坡居士。汉族,四川人,葬于颍昌(今河南省平顶山市郏县)。一生仕途坎坷,学识渊博,天资极高,诗文书画皆精。其文汪洋恣肆,明白畅达,与欧阳修并称欧苏,为“唐宋八大家”之一;诗清新豪健,善用夸张、比喻,艺术表现独具风格,与黄庭坚并称苏黄;词开豪放一派,对后世有巨大影响,与辛弃疾并称苏辛;书法擅长行书、楷书,能自创新意,用笔丰腴跌宕,有天真烂漫之趣,与黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄并称宋四家;画学文同,论画主张神似,提倡“士人画”。著有《苏东坡全集》和《东坡乐府》等。
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曲路重关小有天,招招酒旆解留仙。荒城古塔凌霄汉,古树层台薄晚烟。
灯火前街人似沸,鸡声寒店夜如年。千般总是征途味,留得霜华到鬓边。
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山居二十咏 其十三 双鱼
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宋代:
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洪适
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犀角透鱼龙,石肌蕴星斗。亦有无情花,枝头鱼贯柳。
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僧雍野堂赞
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宋代:
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陈著
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野堂之野,大千世界。
野堂之堂,匪茅一把。