焚书坑
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唐代]：章碣
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竹帛烟销帝业虚，关河空锁祖龙居。
焚书坑译文及注释
译文
焚书的烟雾刚刚散尽，秦始皇的帝业也随之灭亡，函谷关和黄河天险，也锁守不住始皇的故国旧居。
焚书坑的灰烬还没冷却，山东群雄已揭竿起义，起义军领袖刘邦和项羽，原来都不读书！
注释
焚书坑：秦始皇焚烧诗书之地，故址在今陕西省临潼县东南的骊山上。
竹帛：代指书籍。烟销：指把书籍烧光。帝业：皇帝的事业。这里指秦始皇统治天下，巩固统治地位的事业。虚：空虚。
关河：代指险固的地理形势。关：函谷关。河：黄河。空锁：白白地扼守着。祖龙居：秦始皇的故居，指咸阳。祖龙：代指秦始皇。
山东：崤函之东。一说指太行山之东，即为秦始皇所灭的六国旧有之地。
刘项：刘邦和项羽，秦末两支主要农民起义军的领袖。不读书：刘邦年青时是市井无赖，项羽年青时习武，两人都没读多少书。
参考资料：
1、张志兴 ．绝句精选 ．上海市 ：学林出版社 ，2005年 ：167页 ．
2、潘百齐 赵龙祥 ．唐诗精华365首 ．南京市 ：江苏教育出版社 ，1992年 ：1099页 ．
焚书坑创作背景
秦始皇消灭齐、楚、燕、赵、韩、魏六国以后，为了巩固他的统治地位，采取丞相李斯的建议，于公元前213年（始皇三十四年）烧毁图书（医药、卜筮、农作书籍除外），前212年（始皇三十五年）活埋儒生，力图使他的帝业延续下去。作者可能到过烧毁图书的地方，耳闻目睹，有感而作。
参考资料：
1、张志兴 ．绝句精选 ．上海市 ：学林出版社 ，2005年 ：167页 ．
焚书坑鉴赏
这首诗就秦末动乱的局面，对秦始皇焚书的暴虐行径进行了辛辣的嘲讽和无情的谴责。
公元前213（秦始皇三十四年），采纳丞相李斯的奏议，下令在全国范围内搜集焚毁儒家《诗》、《书》和百家之书，令下之后三十日不烧者，罚作筑城的苦役，造成中国历史上一场文化浩劫。
焚书坑据传是当年焚书的一个洞穴，旧址在今陕西省临潼县东南的骊山上。章碣或者到过那里，目之所触，感慨系之，便写了这首诗。
诗一开始就接触主题。首句用略带夸张的语言揭示矛盾：竹帛化为灰烟消失了，秦始皇的帝业也就跟着灭亡了，好像当初在焚书坑里焚烧的就是他的嬴氏天下。这一句夹叙夹议，明叙暗议，有实有虚。“竹帛烟销”是实写，有形象可见。“竹帛”是古代写书的材料，这里指书。“帝业虚”是虚写。这种虚实相间的表现手法极富韵致。
次句就“帝业虚”之意深进一层，说是虽然有关河的险固，也保卫不住秦始皇在都城中的宫殿。“关河”主要指函谷关与黄河，当然也包括其他关隘、河流，如散关、萧关、泾河、渭河、崤山、华山等。贾谊《过秦论》：“秦地被山带河以为固，四塞之国也。”说“关河”，便概括一切可以倚恃的地理险阻。秦都咸阳四周虽有这许多关山河川包围着，但仍然锁守不住，所以《过秦论》又说：“秦人阻险不守，关梁不阖，长戟不刺，强弩不射。楚师深入，战于鸿门，曾无藩篱之艰。”再坚固的“篱笆”也挡不住起义军队的长驱直入。诗以“关河空锁祖龙居”一句总括了整个秦末动乱以至秦朝灭亡的史实，言简意深；并且以形象示现，把“帝业虚”这个抽象的概念写得有情有景，带述带评，很有回味。“祖龙”指秦始皇。这里不用“始皇”而用“祖龙”，决非单纯追求用典，而是出于表情达意的需要。《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载一项传说：始皇三十六年，有神人对秦使者说：“今年祖龙死。”使者回报始皇，始皇听了，好久不讲话，过后自作解释说：“祖龙者，人之先也。”秦始皇一心要做子孙万代诸“龙”之祖。而此时江山易主，“祖龙”一词正话反用，又添新意成了对秦始皇的绝妙讽刺，而且曲折有文采，合乎诗歌用语韵味。
第三句点题，进一步用历史事实对“焚书”一事做出评判。秦始皇和李斯等人把“书”看成是祸乱的根源，以为焚了书就可以消灾弭祸，从此天下太平。结果适得其反，嬴秦王朝很快陷入风雨飘摇、朝不保夕的境地。“未冷”云云是夸张的言辞，旨在突出焚书行为的乖谬，实际上从焚书到陈胜吴广在大泽乡首举义旗，前后相隔整整四年时间。
末句抒发议论、感慨。山东之乱持续了一个时期，秦王朝最后亡于刘邦和项羽之手。这两人一个曾长期在市井中厮混，一个出身行伍，都不是读书人。可见“书”未必就是祸乱的根源，“焚书”也未必就是巩固“子孙帝王万世之业”（《过秦论》）的有效措施。说“刘项原来不读书”，而能灭亡“焚书”之秦，全句纯然是揶揄调侃的口吻，包含着极为辛辣的讽刺意味。从“竹帛”写起，又以“书”作结，首尾相接如环，显得圆转自然。
议论性的诗歌，既要剖析事理，又要显示意象，委实很不容易。这首诗采用了近乎喜剧的表现手法：揭示矛盾，使秦始皇处于自我否定的地位。这样写表面似乎很委婉，很冷静，其实反对的态度和憎恶的感情十分鲜明。如果说这就是“怨而不怒”的表现，那么，它也不失为一种成功的艺术手法。
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杜牧《
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题武关》
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杜牧《
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题乌江亭》
章碣简介
唐代·章碣的简介
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章碣(836—905年)，唐代诗人，字丽山，章孝标之子。唐乾符三年(876年)进士。乾符中，侍郎高湘自长沙携邵安石（广东连县人）来京，高湘主持考试，邵安石及第。
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范成大
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老蕨漫山凤尾张，青枫直干如攒枪。
山深岚重鼻酸楚，石恶淖深神惨伤。