村居
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宋代]：张舜民
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水绕陂田竹绕篱，榆钱落尽槿花稀。
夕阳牛背无人卧，带得寒鸦两两归。
村居译文及注释
译文
流水环绕着水田，篱笆外种满了绿竹；榆钱已经落尽，槿花也变得稀疏。
夕阳西下，牛背上没有牧童骑卧，只带着成对的乌鸦，漫步在回村的小路。
注释
陂田：山田。
榆钱：即榆荚，形如钱，色白成串，故俗称榆钱。
两两：成双成对。
村居鉴赏
这首诗写的是农村秋日黄昏的小景，前两句是具体描写村居，后两句是从村居以外来描写村居，意象非常丰富。农家的情况，见诸于诗的已经不计其数，很难写出新意来。这首诗采用远近交替的写法，重在对场景气象的渲染烘托，以大特写的手法，提供带有暗示性的画面，所以后来者居上，取得了很大的成功。
诗前两句采用当句对，以便于把很广泛的题材浓缩成集中的平面。诗说水田环绕的人家，篱笆外种满了竹子，院落里的榆树钱已经落尽，槿花也都稀疏了。写出晚秋季节里斜阳照耀着的农舍，水竹清华，落木萧萧的景色，充满了和平静穆的气氛。诗仅写了村居外围，而村居本身即可由此想象，成功地避开了熟见的茅檐、白门、蓬窗、桑圃等词，收到了很好的艺术效果。同样，诗没有写人，而通过环境，也可表现住在村居里的人的品藻趣味。
三、四句是传颂的名句。诗将薄暮景色作了高度浓缩。夕阳西下，照着原野，也照着上面所说的村居、水田，诗在这儿仅以“夕阳”二字，回照上文，增加前两句的形象。而在整个村野中，诗只捕捉住回村的老牛这一中心写，说牛背上没有牧童，牛儿在夕阳中不慌不忙地自己沿着归路，往村里走来；在牛背上，双双乌鸦伫立着，悠闲自在，仿佛是老牛正把它们带回村庄。整个画面没有一个人，虽然是写动，但节奏很缓慢，表现出大自然宁静和平的气氛，给人以恬淡温馨的享受，充分体现了作者的审美观。读着这诗，很自然地令人想到《诗经》所写的“日既夕矣，羊牛下来”那幅原始的自然美的风光来。
全诗虽然写的是一组小景，由于诗人本身是个画家，所以很具有画意。诗所选的景物，都有典型性，描绘了村居的特征及季节的特点，用的都是深色调，与夕阳暮霭相统一。在写作手法上，前两句直接写静，后两句是动中显静，在同一画面上配合得很和谐。牛背上站着乌鸦的情况，钱钟书《宋诗选注》指出同时人诗中也有，如苏迈诗“叶随流水归何处，牛带寒鸦过别村”，贺铸诗“水牯负鸲鹆”。由于张舜民把这一景象与整诗所表现的境界融成一片，所以更为成功。
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姚鼐《
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山行·布谷飞飞劝早耕》
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乐府诗集《
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敕勒歌》
张舜民简介
唐代·张舜民的简介
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张舜民 生卒年不详，北宋文学家、画家。字芸叟，自号浮休居士，又号矴斋。邠州（今陕西彬县）人。诗人陈师道之姊夫。英宗治平二年(1065)进士，为襄乐令。元丰中，环庆帅高遵裕辟掌机密文字。元祐初做过监察御史。为人刚直敢言。徽宗时升任右谏议大夫,任职七天,言事达60章，不久以龙图阁待制知定州。后又改知同州。曾因元祐党争事，牵连治罪，被贬为楚州团练副使，商州安置。后又出任过集贤殿修撰。
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